1. Introduction

Chandra Shekhar Azad was one of the most fearless and inspiring revolutionaries of India’s struggle for independence. Born in an era of British oppression, he dedicated his life to the cause of freedom, becoming a symbol of resilience and sacrifice. He played a pivotal role in shaping the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) and carried forward the revolutionary legacy of Shaheed Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev.

Azad was not just a freedom fighter but a guiding force for many young revolutionaries who believed in armed resistance against British rule. His fierce patriotism, dedication to the motherland, and his famous vow to never be captured alive by the British made him a legendary figure in India’s history. His name, Chandra Shekhar Azad, remains synonymous with courage, inspiring generations of young Indians to stand up against injustice.

2. Early Life and Background

Chandra Shekhar Azad was born on July 23, 1906, in Bhabhra, a small village in Madhya Pradesh. His real name was Chandra Shekhar Tiwari. His father, Sitaram Tiwari, was a poor Brahmin, and his mother, Jagrani Devi, aspired for him to become a Sanskrit scholar.

As a child, Azad was deeply influenced by the stories of India’s glorious past, which were narrated by his mother. His rebellious spirit was evident from a young age. He was sent to Varanasi for studies, where he was exposed to the nationalist movements that were spreading across the country. The Jallianwala Bagh massacre in 1919 left a deep impact on him, shaping his revolutionary ideals.

Despite his mother’s wishes for him to become a priest, Azad was drawn to India’s freedom movement. He believed that mere protests and negotiations with the British were insufficient and that independence could only be achieved through revolutionary activities. His boldness and passion for freedom made him a prominent figure in the fight against British rule.

3. Entry into the Freedom Struggle

The Jallianwala Bagh massacre of 1919, in which British troops killed thousands of innocent Indians, deeply affected Azad. The brutality of the British made him determined to join the struggle for independence.

In 1921, at the young age of 15, he actively participated in Mahatma Gandhi’s Non-Cooperation Movement. However, he was soon arrested for his protests. When presented before the magistrate, instead of revealing his real name, he proudly declared himself as “Azad” (meaning free), his father’s name as “Swatantrata” (freedom), and his residence as “Jail”. The British authorities sentenced him to 15 lashes, but his defiant attitude won the admiration of fellow revolutionaries. From that moment, he was known as Chandra Shekhar Azad.

After Gandhi withdrew the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1922, Azad lost faith in non-violent resistance and sought a more direct approach to overthrowing British rule. He was determined to adopt the revolutionary path and joined underground groups working for independence.

4. Association with Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA)

Azad’s revolutionary zeal led him to Ram Prasad Bismil, the leader of the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA). Under Bismil’s guidance, Azad was trained in guerrilla warfare and combat techniques. He soon became one of the most trusted members of the organization.

The Kakori Train Robbery (1925)

One of Azad’s major contributions was his involvement in the Kakori Train Robbery in 1925. The HRA needed funds to continue their revolutionary activities, so they planned to loot a train carrying government treasury money. The daring robbery was successful, but many revolutionaries, including Ram Prasad Bismil and Ashfaqulla Khan, were arrested and later executed. Azad, however, managed to evade capture and continued his revolutionary activities underground.

Formation of HSRA

After Bismil’s execution, Azad reorganized the group as the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) along with Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, and Rajguru. The HSRA aimed to overthrow British rule through armed resistance and instill fear among British officials.

Azad played a crucial role in training young revolutionaries, raising funds, and planning operations. He was deeply involved in the assassination of J.P. Saunders, a British police officer responsible for the death of Lala Lajpat Rai. Azad personally ensured Bhagat Singh’s safe escape after the operation.

5. Key Revolutionary Activities

The Bombing of Central Legislative Assembly (1929)

Azad was involved in the planning of the Central Legislative Assembly bombing on April 8, 1929. Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw bombs inside the assembly hall to protest against oppressive British laws. Though Azad did not execute the bombing, he played a key role in supporting the revolutionaries.

Escape Strategies and Underground Operations

To avoid capture, Azad frequently changed locations. He adopted multiple disguises and used fake identities. His intelligence and sharp thinking made him one of the most difficult revolutionaries for the British to capture.

Despite heavy surveillance, Azad continued working secretly, training young fighters, acquiring arms, and devising new plans to challenge British rule.

6. Last Days and Martyrdom

On February 27, 1931, Azad was betrayed by an informer and surrounded by British police at Alfred Park (now Chandrashekhar Azad Park) in Allahabad.

Instead of surrendering, Azad fought bravely with his Colt pistol, killing several officers. As he ran out of ammunition, he chose to end his life rather than be captured alive. Keeping his vow to remain “Azad” (free) till his last breath, he shot himself with his last bullet.

Azad’s martyrdom sent shockwaves across the country, igniting further resistance against British rule. His fearless sacrifice became a source of inspiration for young revolutionaries.

7. Legacy and Influence

Chandra Shekhar Azad’s legacy continues to inspire generations of Indians. His contributions to India’s independence movement are commemorated in various ways:

• Statues and Memorials: Alfred Park in Allahabad was renamed Chandrashekhar Azad Park in his honor. His statues are present in many Indian cities.
• Films and Literature: Several movies and books highlight his life, including The Legend of Bhagat Singh and Shaheed.
• Influence on Future Generations: Azad’s ideology of selfless patriotism continues to influence youth and political leaders in India.

8. Conclusion

Chandra Shekhar Azad remains an immortal hero in Indian history. His bravery, strategic thinking, and ultimate sacrifice played a significant role in inspiring the youth of his time and the generations to come.

Despite the challenges he faced, he never compromised on his principles and lived by his famous words: “Dushman ki goliyon ka hum samna karenge, Azad hi rahein hain, Azad hi rahenge!” (We will face the enemy’s bullets, for we are free and shall remain free!).

His unwavering commitment to the cause of freedom reminds us of the sacrifices made by our ancestors. It is our responsibility to honor his legacy by upholding the values of justice and patriotism.

This biography of Chandra Shekhar Azad not only celebrates his life but also serves as a reminder of the power of courage and sacrifice. Let us continue to remember and respect the contributions of this great revolutionary.

Read More: Life of Bhagat Singh

9. FAQ Section 

Q1: Who was Chandra Shekhar Azad?

A: Chandra Shekhar Azad was an Indian revolutionary who played a key role in India’s independence movement. He was a leader of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) and fought against British rule.

Q2: Why is Chandra Shekhar Azad famous?

A: He is famous for his fearless resistance against British rule, his role in the Kakori conspiracy, and for choosing death over capture in the Alfred Park encounter in 1931.

Q3: What was Chandra Shekhar Azad’s real name?

A: His real name was Chandra Shekhar Tiwari. He adopted “Azad” as a symbol of his commitment to never be captured alive.

Q4: How did Chandra Shekhar Azad die?

A: He died in an encounter with British police at Alfred Park (now Azad Park) in Allahabad on 27th February 1931. He shot himself to avoid capture.

Q5: What were the main contributions of Chandra Shekhar Azad?

A: He was a key leader in the HSRA, played a major role in various revolutionary activities, trained young revolutionaries, and inspired future freedom fighters.

Q6: Was Chandra Shekhar Azad connected to Bhagat Singh?

A: Yes, he worked closely with Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, and Rajguru in the HSRA, planning and executing several revolutionary activities.